Continuous data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories EYR, SBA & API, processed at 1-minute and 1-second sampling, and submitted to INTERMAGNET in a standardized file format (IAGA-2002) every hour. The data are preliminary as they are submitted without being cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The preliminary 1-minute data are more timely and potentially more complete than the definitive 1-minute data, whereas the 1-minute definitive data goes through a data quality reviewing process with data recorded in one year not being published until the following year. There are no 1-second definitive data being produced. The data can be downloaded via a free web access provided by INTERMAGNET at http://www.intermagnet.org/data-donnee/download-eng.php (Data Type: ‘provisional’). 1-minute data (Sample Rate: ‘minute’): EYR available since 1994, SBA since 1996, and API since 1999. 1-second data (Sample Rate: ‘second’): EYR data available since 2012, SBA since 2012, and API since 2012.

The New Zealand Fossil Record File (FRF) is one of the “Nationally Significant” collections and databases recognised by the New Zealand government. It comprises a comprehensive archive of fossil collections made from New Zealand and surrounding areas, including Antarctica and New Caledonia, recording detailed locality information, stratigraphic data, age and paleoenvironmental interpretations, and, for many records, taxonomic lists of the fossils collected. The New Zealand Fossil Record File is jointly managed by the Geoscience Society of New Zealand and GNS Science. The FRF has been digitised (as the Fossil Record Electronic Database, or “FRED”) and is available online from the GNS Science web site. Access is free, although user registration is required. DOI:https://doi.org/10.21420/JQQB-NK89 Cite as: GNS Science & Geoscience Society of New Zealand. (2003). New Zealand Fossil Record File [Data set]. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/JQQB-NK89

Continuous data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories EYR processed at 1-minute sampling and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data is being submitted to INTERMAGNET annually (submitted by July 1st for the previous year’s data Jan 1 to 31 Dec). EYR data since 1-Jan-1994 Before the definitive data for each year is being published via INTERMAGNET an international multi-step reviewing process is being applied to ensure international standards are being met. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/VTW2-AE75 Cite as: GNS Science. (1994). Definitive 1-minute Eyrewell (EYR) data [Data set]. GNS Science, INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/VTW2-AE75

2022 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories SBA in 2022 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected following INTERMAGNET guidelines. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in May 2023 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/axhk-e303 Cite as: Thornton, M., Goodyear, G., Shaw, S. (2022). 2022 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data. GNS Science, INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/axhk-e303

2016 Definitive 1-minute Apia (API) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatory Apia in 2016 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in July 2017 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/BWW7-PN94 Cite as: Petersen, T., GNS Science, Samoa Meteorology Division, & USGS. (2017). 2016 Definitive 1-minute Apia (API) data. GNS Science, INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/BWW7-PN94

Preliminary 1-second and 1-minute Eyrewell (EYR) data are submitted to INTERMAGNET in a standardized file format (IAGA-2002) every hour. The data can be downloaded via a free web access provided by INTERMAGNET at http://www.intermagnet.org/data-donnee/download-eng.php (Data Type: ‘provisional’). 1-minute (Sample Rate: ‘minute’) ‘provisional’ EYR data are available since 1994. 1-second data (Sample Rate: ‘second’) ‘provisional’ EYR data are available since 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/APJY-5050 Cite data as: GNS Science. (2022). Preliminary 1-second and 1-minute data from Eyrewell (EYR) [Data set]. INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/APJY-5050

We have developed a 2-D/3-D arbitrary lagrangian-eulerian (ALE) finite-element code, SULEC, based on known techniques from literature. SULEC is successful in tackling many of the problems faced by numerical models of lithosphere and mantle processes, such as the combination of viscous, elastic, and plastic rheologies, the presence of a free surface, the contrast in viscosity between lithosphere and the underlying asthenosphere, and the occurrence of large deformations including viscous flow and offset on shear zones. The aim of our presentation is (1) to describe SULEC, and (2) to present a set of analytical and numerical benchmarks that we use to continuously test our code. SULEC solves the incompressible momentum equation coupled with the energy equation. It uses a structured mesh that is built of quadrilateral or brick elements that can vary in size in all dimensions, allowing to achieve high resolutions where required. The elements are either linear in velocity with constant pressure, or quadratic in velocity with linear pressure. An accurate pressure field is obtained through an iterative penalty (Uzawa) formulation. Material properties are carried on tracer particles that are advected through the Eulerian mesh. Shear elasticity is implemented following the approach of Moresi et al. [J. Comp. Phys. 184, 2003], brittle materials deform following a Drucker-Prager criterion, and viscous flow is by temperature- and pressure-dependent power-law creep. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/8Z3S-ZZ03 Cite model as: GNS Science. (2012). SULEC geodynamic finite-element code. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/8Z3S-ZZ03

2018 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories SBA in 2018 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in July 2019 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/039F-XE27 Cite as: Petersen, T., & GNS Science. (2019). 2018 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data [Data set]. INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/039F-XE27

The GNS Science Photo Library, now named the Visual Media Library (VML), contains over 100,000 stock images featuring aerial views, landscapes, geological features and scientific research including volcanic eruptions, earthquakes and landforms. Not all of the photographs are available through the VML so contact us if you have any further queries. High resolution images are available for purchase for publications, displays and website usage. Low resolution images are free of copyright charges for study or non-commercial reference purposes. Fees do not apply for GNS Science related usage but do apply to external clientele. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/YMVY-QY38 Cite as: GNS Science. (2011). GNS Science Visual Media Library. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/YMVY-QY38

This database documents the short-term and long-term fluctuations in the Earth's regional (New Zealand) magnetic field captured by magnetic observatories. Magnetic Observatories record variations with time of the earth’s magnetic field at a fixed point. A magnetic field is completely described by three components, these are usually HDZ or XYZ, where H is the horizontal magnetic field strength, D is the declination or angle between the direction of the magnetic field and true north, Z is the vertical magnetic strength, and X and Y are the magnetic field strengths in the true north and east directions. It is also common to record F, the total magnetic field strength, on a separate instrument, although that can be calculated from HDZ or XYZ. New Zealand operates magnetic observatories in Canterbury (the Eyrewell Geomagnetic Observatory that succeeded the Christchurch and Amberley observatories and is now located at West Melton) and Scott Base in Antarctica, and supports the Apia observatory in Samoa. Eyrewell (EYR), Scott Base (SBA) and Apia (API) geomagnetic observatories are important contributors to the ~120 station INTERMAGNET global network that monitors the Earth’s magnetic field. All observatories follow INTERMAGNET requirements and standards. The continuous part of the data collection is run by an automated system that is recording data every second. Manual measurements are conducted by a local observer for 1 hour once every week. EYR also relies on data recorded at a joined GeoNet site located at Summerhill (Canterbury). Raw 1-second data in miniseed format is archived for all three observatories plus for the Summerhill site. Preliminary 1-second and 1-minute data are submitted to INTERMAGNET in a standardized file format every hour. Definitive 1-minute data for EYR, SBA and API is being submitted to INTERMAGNET annually. Before INTERMAGNET definitive data are being published an international multi-step reviewing process is being applied to ensure international standards are being met. K-index values are calculated from data recorded at EYR and its predecessor Amberley (AML). Historic paper records are being stored, with some of them being scanned into digital images.