The dataset is composed of the original sheets on which the fields were recorded by light on photographic paper. Each sheet holds 24 hours of three recorded magnetic field components. Most of the components were labelled XYZ; some were labelled DHZ (e.g. 1991 magnetograms), and others were not labelled at all (e.g. 1966 magnetograms). Scott Base (SBA) 1957 – 1991 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/3KT9-3M51 Cite as: GNS Science. (2022). Scott Base (SBA) paper magnetograms . GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/3KT9-3M51

Preliminary 1-second and 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data are submitted to INTERMAGNET in a standardized file format (IAGA-2002) every hour. The data can be downloaded via a free web access provided by INTERMAGNET at http://www.intermagnet.org/data-donnee/download-eng.php (Data Type: ‘provisional’). 1-minute (Sample Rate: ‘minute’) ‘provisional’ SBA data are available since 1996. 1-second data (Sample Rate: ‘second’) ‘provisional’ SBA data are available since 2012. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/TTQ0-SR11 Cite data as: GNS Science. (2022). Preliminary 1-second and 1-minute data from Scott Base (SBA) [Data set]. INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/TTQ0-SR11

Continuous data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories SBA processed at 1-minute sampling and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data is being submitted to INTERMAGNET annually (submitted by July 1st for the previous year’s data Jan 1 to 31 Dec). SBA data since 1-Jan-1996 Before the definitive data for each year is being published via INTERMAGNET an international multi-step reviewing process is being applied to ensure international standards are being met. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/CC3M-2D40 Cite as: GNS Science. (1996). Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA ) data [Data set]. GNS Science, INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/CC3M-2D40

2018 Definitive 1-minute Eyrewell (EYR) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories EYR in 2018 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in July 2019 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/65S4-TW09 Cite as: GNS Science, Petersen, T., Plank, G., & Plank, J. (2019). 2018 Definitive 1-minute Eyrewell (EYR) data [Data set]. INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/65S4-TW09

The dataset is composed of the original sheets on which the fields were recorded by light on photographic paper. Each magnetogram sheet holds a record of 24 hours. Normally the magnetic field components H and D are recorded; some years in addition do have recordings of the Z component. Apia (API) 1907 – 1913 Apia (API) 1932 – 1955 There are magnetograms for 1956 - 1994, but they are not complete and the contents need yet to be specified. For 1907 - 1913, magnetograms for H and D are mostly complete. The years 1908 - 1911 have some additional magnetograms that might be for the Z component. GNS Science does not hold records from 1914 to 1931. After the long gap, there are fewer magnetograms for 1932 - 1936; from 1937 - 1955, each year has magnetograms for H, D & Z for most days. There are Apia rapid runs available for 1956 - 1978, and 1983-1986, and Apia Wider Range (WR) from 1977, 1979, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1986. Some of the records were received from the University of Göttingen, Germany, who originally established this magnetic station. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/WYV2-6K33 Cite as: GNS Science. (2022). Apia (API) paper magnetograms . GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/WYV2-6K33

2016 Definitive 1-minute Apia (API) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatory Apia in 2016 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in July 2017 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/BWW7-PN94 Cite as: Petersen, T., GNS Science, Samoa Meteorology Division, & USGS. (2017). 2016 Definitive 1-minute Apia (API) data. GNS Science, INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/BWW7-PN94

2015 Definitive 1-minute Apia (API) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatory Apia in 2015 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in July 2016 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/VDYN-6M33 Cite as: Petersen, T., GNS Science, Samoa Meteorology Division, & USGS. (2016). 2015 Definitive 1-minute Apia (API) data. GNS Science, INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/VDYN-6M33

2014 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories SBA in 2014 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in July 2015 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/7DM8-ZM49 Cite as: Petersen, T., & GNS Science. (2015). 2014 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data [Data set]. INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/7DM8-ZM49

K-index values calculated from Amberley (AML) and Eyrewell Geomagnetic Observatory (EYR) data. The K-index is a measure of disturbances in the Earth’s magnetic field which was introduced by Bartels et al. (1939), that is recognised as a good indication of the strength of magnetic storm activity caused by the sun. It is based on the maximum fluctuations of horizontal components recorded in each 3-hour interval, so there are eight values each day. The scale is from 0 to 9, in an approximately logarithmic fashion, with the nT value required for the maximum value of 9 being a parameter of the observatory. Originally the fluctuations were measured on paper chart records, measuring short-term variations by subtracting the effects of the slower daily variations, but with digital records, algorithms are used to calculate only the effects of short-term variations. At Eyrewell, the manual method was used up until 1995, while from 1996 onwards, an algorithm developed by Hattingh et al (1989) at the Hermanus Magnetic Observatory was used (Tomlinson, 1995). The Hemanus algorithm is available from the website http://isgi.unistra.fr/softwares.php. Available data: Amberley (AML) 1951 – 1977 Eyrewell (EYR) 1978 – present 1932 – 1977 planetary Kp values (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/kp-index/) were produced based on data from the Amberley observatory as a representative for the Southern Hemisphere. Toolangi only joined in 1972 (and was replaced by Canberra in 1981). DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/PJ1Y-6M90 Cite as: GNS Science, & Hurst , T. (2021). EYR k-index values [Data set]. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/PJ1Y-6M90

2020 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data is continuous 1-second data recorded by New Zealand's Geomagnetic Observatories SBA in 2020 that was processed at 1-minute sampling, cleaned (spikes removed) and baseline (absolute values) corrected. The data was submitted to INTERMAGNET in July 2021 and passed the INTERMAGNET reviewing process. DOI https://doi.org/10.21420/2A9G-6S83 Cite as: Thornton, M., Tran, H., McGaw, J., Dobson, W. (2020). 2020 Definitive 1-minute Scott Base (SBA) data [Dataset]. GNS Science, INTERMAGNET. https://doi.org/10.21420/2A9G-6S83