A dataset describing exposed bedrock and surficial geology of Antarctica constructed by the GeoMAP Action Group of SCAR (The Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research) and GNS Science, New Zealand. Legacy geological map data have been captured into a geographic information system (GIS), refining its spatial reliability, harmonising classification, then improving representation of glacial sequences and geomorphology. A total 99,080 polygons have been unified for depicting geology at 1:250,000 scale, but locally there are some areas with higher spatial precision. Geological definition in GeoMAP v.2022-08 is founded on a mixed chronostratigraphic- and lithostratigraphic-based classification. Description of rock and moraine polygons employs international GeoSciML data protocols to provide attribute-rich and queriable data; including bibliographic links to 589 source maps and scientific literature. Data are provided under CC-BY License as zipped ArcGIS geodatabase, QGIS geopackage or GoogleEarth kmz files. GeoMAP is the first detailed geological dataset covering all of Antarctica. GeoMAP depicts 'known geology' of rock exposures rather than 'interpreted' sub-ice features and is suitable for continent-wide perspectives and cross-discipline interrogation. Further details are provided at: Cox, S.C., Smith Lyttle, B., Elkind, S. et al. A continent-wide detailed geological map dataset of Antarctica. Sci Data 10, 250 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02152-9 GET DATA: https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.951482

This dataset contains 2016 Kaikōura surface ruptures mapped at a scale of 1:250,000. The dataset is simplified to this scale from the high resolution New Zealand Active Faults Database (NZAFD). Please note this dataset is a subset taken from NZAFD 1:250,000 scale (the primary source) on the 28 July 2020. The primary source of the dataset is an ESRI vector feature class managed in a PostgreSQL database, with updates intermittently published to the GNS ArcGIS server as a web map service. The data can also be viewed through the NZAFD website and downloaded from there in shapefile, KML, JSON and text formats. The dataset comprises polylines, with each line representing the location of an active fault trace at or near the surface. Each fault trace has attributes that describes its name, orientation, displacement, sense of movement, time of last movement and other fault activity parameters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/KG20-N635 Cite data as: GNS Science. (2019). 2016 Kaikōura surface ruptures 1:250,000 scale [Data set]. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/KG20-N635

The QualityRankings table records the quality of each source dataset or reference. Where multiple references are given in the feature classes, the ranking of the highest overall quality record is assigned to the dataset. For example, if a previously-mapped dataset was updated by the Version 1.0 NZ Landslide Dam Database authors using more recent satellite imagery or terrain models, then the metadata record for the updated mapping is linked to the landslide DamSite points via the Metadata ID field. In Version 1.0 of the database, this table contains attributes that are specific to the quality of the whole source dataset, not individual landslide dams. This might be improved in future versions of the database.

Version 1.0 of the New Zealand (NZ) Landslide Dam Database (NZLDD) has been developed by GNS Science and contains recent, historic and prehistoric landslide dams in NZ, defined as significant, ephemeral or enduring blockages of a watercourse by a landslide. Note that Debris Trail and Dam, as mapped here, together comprise the landslide deposit, with the Dam limited to the part of the deposit damming its respective watercourse, i.e., the deposit that lies within the valley bottom. Version 1.0 contains many catalogued landslide dams, but is not a complete database of all landslide dams that have ever occurred in NZ. The database comprises five spatial datasets in New Zealand Transverse Mercator 2000 (NZTM2000) projection and one table. The database together with a full description of the data has been published by Morgenstern et al. (2023) (accessed from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-023-02133-4) and can be downloaded as an ArcGIS geodatabase from https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NW6MT. Journal article: Morgenstern R, Wolter A, Cox SC, Lukovic B, Bain D, Sirohi A, Bruce ZRV, Jones KE, Rosser BJ, Townsend DB, Massey CI. 2023 The New Zealand Landslide Dam Database, v1.0. Landslides, 21: 121-134; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-023-02133-4 Data: Morgenstern R, Wolter A, Cox SC, Lukovic B, Bain D, Sirohi A, Bruce ZRV, Jones KE, Rosser BJ, Townsend DB, Massey CI. 2023 The New Zealand Landslide Dam Database, v1.0. OSF. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/NW6MT Metadata: New Zealand Landslide Dam Database Version 1.0. https://doi.org/10.21420/47GZ-A116

The Lake polygons signify the known or inferred area inundated by landslide-dammed lakes. In many instances the lake no longer exists in the landscape and its extent was inferred based on geomorphic features such as sedimentary plains, wetlands, and deltas. If no obvious signs of a past lake exist for a particular case study, a lake was not mapped. Where the landslide-dammed lakes still exist today (typically for large, enduring dams), the current lake extent was taken from the LINZ topographic 1:50,000 scale mapping (LINZ, 2020a, 2020b). These are likely not the initial or maximum lake extents, particularly for old dams. The Lake was delineated using a variety of methods from manual mapping on 1 m resolution LiDAR to using the LINZ 1:50,000 scale map data. The quality of data (e.g., resolution, accuracy, etc.) therefore varies depending on the technique used (linked to the QualityRankings table). This feature class contains attributes that are specific to the landslide-dammed lake.

The Dam polygons signify the area of landslide debris that blocked the watercourse, forming the landslide dam. Where possible, this includes only the debris that formed the dam while other debris that did not block the watercourse has been mapped separately into the DebrisTrail feature class. Occasionally, the Dam polygon may be representative of the whole landslide deposit. In some instances, the dam no longer exists in the landscape and its extent has been interpreted. The Dam was delineated using a variety of methods from manual mapping on 1 m resolution LiDAR to unsupervised techniques using remote sensing. The quality of data (e.g., resolution, accuracy, etc.) therefore varies depending on the technique used (linked to the QualityRankings table). This feature class contains attributes that are specific to the landslide dam.

The National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) for New Zealand provides probabilistic estimates of the strength of earthquake shaking that can be expected according to a user-defined time period and probability, e.g. the peak ground acceleration (PGA) that has a 10% chance of happening in any 50 year time window. Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) uses the location, recurrence behaviour, and predicted ground motions of earthquake sources to estimate the hazard at a site, or across a grid of sites as shown in the map below for Class C (shallow soil) site conditions. The NSHM is an algorithm that draws upon several component models to calculate its results. It uses a fault model that combines New Zealand’s active fault database, which includes 536 fault sources, and the 170 year historical earthquake catalogue. The background model is comprised of a multi-layered background seismicity grid DOI: https://doi.org/10.21420/MX74-Q807 Site as: GNS Science. (2020). National Seismic Hazard Model (NSHM) for New Zealand. GNS Science. https://doi.org/10.21420/MX74-Q807

The DamSite points signify the location of landslide dams and are situated at the upstream end of each dam. The point position is exactly on the river centreline so that river and catchment metrics can be systematically calculated. For consistency, river centrelines were generated using the 8 m national DEM for New Zealand (LINZ, 2012). For this reason, DamSite points may not always be immediately adjacent to the Dam polygons. There is always one DamSite point for one Dam polygon.

The Source polygons signify the source area of the landslide that formed the landslide dam. The Source was delineated using a variety of methods from manual mapping on 1 m resolution LiDAR to unsupervised techniques using remote sensing. The quality of data (e.g., resolution, accuracy, etc.) therefore varies depending on the technique used (linked to the QualityRankings table). This feature class contains attributes that are specific to the landslide source.

The DebrisTrail polygons signify the debris trail of the landslide, defined as the deposit between the Source and Dam, and it can also include debris that did not block the watercourse. Debris trails were not mapped if the deposit extent matched the Dam extent. The DebrisTrail was delineated using a variety of methods from manual mapping on 1 m resolution LiDAR to unsupervised techniques using remote sensing. The quality of data (e.g., resolution, accuracy, etc.) therefore varies depending on the technique used (linked to the QualityRankings table). This feature class contains attributes that are specific to the landslide debris trail.